Key Facts On Layering

1. Layering Creates Warmth: Layering is all about trapping air between each garment, creating an insulating barrier that keeps you warm in chilly conditions. By wearing multiple layers, you create pockets of warm air that act as a buffer against the cold. It’s like building a cozy cocoon around your body while still allowing for flexibility and movement.
2. The Base Layer is the Foundation: The base layer serves as your second skin, and its primary function is moisture management. Look for base layers made from synthetic materials or merino wool, which wick sweat away from your body, keeping you dry and comfortable. Avoid cotton, as it absorbs moisture and can leave you feeling cold and clammy.
3. The Mid-Layer Adds Insulation: The mid-layer is where the magic happens. It provides insulation and helps retain your body heat. Fleece jackets, down vests, or synthetic insulated jackets are excellent choices for the mid-layer. They create a cozy layer of warmth while still allowing breathability to prevent overheating.
4. The Outer Layer Shields from the Elements: The outer layer, often a waterproof and windproof shell, is your shield against rain, snow, and gusty winds. Look for jackets made with breathable and durable fabrics, such as Gore-Tex or similar technologies. These materials keep you dry while allowing moisture to escape, preventing that clammy feeling during intense physical activity.
5. Accessories: Extending Protection and Comfort Don’t overlook the importance of layering accessories. Hats, gloves, neck gaiters, and socks are essential for maintaining warmth and preventing heat loss from extremities. Choose insulating materials and prioritize moisture-wicking properties to keep your hands, feet, and head comfortable and dry.
6. Adaptability is Key: Layering gives you the flexibility to adapt to changing weather conditions and activity levels. If you start to feel too warm, you can shed a layer to prevent overheating. Conversely, if the temperature drops, adding an extra layer or adjusting the zippers and vents on your outer layer can provide added warmth and protection. Listen to your body and make adjustments as needed to find that perfect balance.

Importance of Base Layers 

Base layers act as the foundation of your clothing system, directly in contact with your skin. They serve two primary purposes: moisture management and insulation. By wicking away sweat from your body, base layers keep you dry and prevent discomfort caused by moisture buildup. 

Additionally, base layers provide an additional layer of insulation, trapping warm air close to your skin in cold weather or allowing airflow to cool you down in warm weather. 

This helps regulate your body temperature, enhancing both comfort and performance.

Base Layer Materials 

Several materials are commonly used for base layers, each offering unique properties.

1. Merino Wool: Known for its exceptional temperature regulation, merino wool is a popular choice. It’s naturally moisture-wicking, insulating even when wet, and odor-resistant. Merino wool base layers are highly breathable, making them suitable for a wide range of temperatures.
2. Synthetic Fabrics: Materials like polyester and nylon are widely used for base layers. Synthetic fabrics excel in moisture-wicking, quick-drying, and durability. They are often more affordable than merino wool and offer excellent versatility across different weather conditions.

Materials to Avoid 

While there is no hard and fast rule, it’s generally recommended to avoid cotton as a base layer material. Cotton tends to retain moisture and dries slowly, leading to discomfort and increased cooling. Instead, prioritize materials that effectively wick moisture away from your skin to keep you dry and comfortable.

Base Layer Types

Base layers come in different types to suit various weather conditions and activity levels. Here are three common base layer types.

1. Lightweight: Ideal for warm weather or high-intensity activities, lightweight base layers provide breathability and moisture-wicking capabilities. They offer a thin and comfortable layer that helps regulate body temperature while managing sweat.
2. Midweight: Suitable for moderate temperatures, midweight base layers strike a balance between insulation and breathability. They provide more warmth and can be used as standalone layers in milder conditions or as part of a layering system in colder weather.
3. Heavyweight: Designed for cold and harsh conditions, heavyweight base layers offer maximum insulation. They provide excellent warmth and are perfect for winter sports, frigid climates, or when spending extended periods outdoors in freezing temperatures.

Middle Layer: Insulation

The primary function of the middle layer is to provide insulation by trapping your body heat and creating a warm microclimate around you. It works in conjunction with the base layer and outer layer to create a layering system that efficiently regulates your body temperature. The insulating layer acts as a buffer, retaining warmth while allowing moisture to escape from the base layer.

Middle Layer Materials 

Various materials are used for insulating layers, each with its own unique properties

1. Fleece: Fleece is a popular choice for mid-layers due to its excellent insulation-to-weight ratio. It provides warmth, breathability, and moisture-wicking capabilities. Fleece retains its insulating properties even when wet and dries quickly, making it ideal for outdoor activities.
2. Synthetic Insulation: Synthetic insulating materials, such as polyester are known for their ability to provide warmth, even in damp conditions. Synthetic insulation is lightweight, quick-drying, and retains its insulation properties when wet. It is a practical choice for those who may encounter wet or humid environments.
3. Down: Down insulation is prized for its exceptional warmth-to-weight ratio. It utilizes the natural insulation of down feathers, which trap warm air effectively. Down jackets or vests are lightweight, compressible, and provide excellent warmth in cold conditions. However, it’s important to note that down insulation loses its thermal properties when wet.

Materials to Avoid

Avoid using cotton as an insulating layer as it absorbs and retains moisture, leading to discomfort and increased cooling. Cotton does not provide effective insulation when wet, making it unsuitable for outdoor activities in cold or wet conditions.

Mid-Layer Types

Middle layers come in various types, allowing you to customize your insulation level based on the weather and activity level.

1. Lightweight: Lightweight mid-layers offer versatility and are suitable for mild to cool temperatures. They provide a moderate level of insulation without adding excessive bulk.
2. Midweight: Midweight options strike a balance between warmth and breathability. They are suitable for cooler conditions and offer increased insulation compared to lightweight layers.
3. Heavyweight: Heavyweight mid-layers provide maximum insulation and are designed for frigid temperatures and harsh conditions. They offer excellent warmth and can be used as standalone layers or as part of a layering system in extremely cold weather.

Outer Layer: Rain, Snow and Wind Protection

The outer layer is your first line of defense against rain, wind, and other harsh elements. It serves to keep you dry by preventing water from penetrating through to your inner layers. Additionally, it acts as a windbreaker, blocking gusts and minimizing heat loss caused by wind chill. The outer layer also provides an extra layer of protection against abrasions, thorns, and other potential hazards you may encounter during outdoor activities.

Outer Layer Materials

1. Waterproof/Breathable Membranes: Gore-Tex, eVent, and similar membranes are popular choices for waterproof/breathable shells. These membranes have microscopic pores that allow moisture vapor to escape while preventing water droplets from entering.
2. Coated Fabrics: Some outer layers feature a waterproof coating applied to the outer fabric. These coatings, such as polyurethane (PU), provide water resistance but may offer less breathability compared to membranes.

Materials to Avoid 

Avoid using non-breathable materials like vinyl or rubber, as they trap moisture and can lead to discomfort and excessive sweating. Additionally, materials that lack water resistance or have poor durability should be avoided at all cost.

Outer Layer Types

Outer layers come in different type, allowing you to choose based on the weather conditions and your activity level.

1. Lightweight: Lightweight outer layers are ideal for warmer temperatures or high-intensity activities. They provide basic rain and wind protection without adding excessive weight or insulation.
2. Heavyweight: Heavyweight outer layers are designed for harsh and cold conditions. They offer maximum protection against rain, wind, and even snow. These shells often feature additional insulation or the ability to accommodate extra layers underneath.

Summer Layering Example Gear

When it comes to layering, summer may not be the first season that comes to mind. However, layering can still be an effective technique to stay comfortable and protected during your summer outdoor activities.

By choosing the right fabrics, you can create lightweight and breathable layers that shield you from the sun, regulate body temperature, and add a touch of style to your summer adventures. Here’s how to do summer layering right.

1. 1. Start with a Lightweight Base: The foundation of your summer layers is a moisture-wicking and breathable base layer. Look for fabrics like lightweight merino wool or synthetic blends specifically designed for hot weather. These base layers will help keep you dry by drawing sweat away from your skin, preventing discomfort and chafing.
   2. Add a Sun-Protective Layer: In summer, protection from harmful UV rays is crucial. Choose a lightweight, loose-fitting shirt with built-in UPF (Ultraviolet Protection Factor) to shield your skin from the sun’s rays. Long-sleeve options with breathable fabrics like nylon or polyester can provide excellent coverage without sacrificing comfort.
   3. Consider a Lightweight Mid-Layer: Depending on the weather and activity level, you may want to include a lightweight mid-layer for added versatility. Look for breathable and quick-drying materials like linen or lightweight synthetic fabrics. A lightweight jacket or vest can provide an extra layer of protection against cool breezes or sudden temperature drops in the evening. That tends to happen quite often in the mountains.
   4. Opt for Breathable Outerwear: If you anticipate rain showers or wind during your summer adventures, choose a packable, waterproof, and breathable outer layer. Look for jackets or ponchos made from lightweight materials with waterproof coatings or membranes like Gore-Tex. These will keep you dry without causing overheating or excessive perspiration.
   5. Accessorize with Sun Protection: Complete your summer layering with the right accessories. Wear a wide-brimmed hat to shield your face and neck from the sun. Consider lightweight and breathable neck gaiters or buffs that can protect your neck from UV rays while providing additional versatility as a face covering or headband. Don’t forget sunglasses with UV protection and sunscreen to keep your skin safe from harmful sun exposure.

Your Summer Layering Gear Could Look Like This

Rainy Cool Weather Layering Example

When the skies turn gray in autumn, and raindrops start to fall, don’t let the weather dampen your outdoor spirit. With the right layering strategy, you can stay dry and comfortable even in cool and rainy conditions. So, gear up and learn how to master rainy-weather layering:

1. Moisture-Wicking Base Layer: start with a moisture-wicking base layer to draw sweat away from your skin and prevent that clammy feeling. Choose synthetic materials or merino wool that excel at moisture management. Avoid cotton as it retains moisture and can leave you feeling chilled.
2. Insulating Mid-Layer: In cool and rainy weather, you’ll want an insulating layer that provides warmth without adding bulk. Look for lightweight fleece or synthetic materials that offer excellent warmth-to-weight ratios. These materials retain heat even when damp and dry quickly if they get wet.
3. Versatile Shell: Consider adding a windproof and water-resistant shell layer between your base and outer layer. This can be a thin softshell jacket or vest that provides an extra barrier against wind chill and light rain showers. It adds versatility to your layering system and allows you to adapt to changing weather conditions.
4. Waterproof Outer Layer: Invest in a high-quality waterproof jacket or raincoat made with a breathable membrane like Gore-Tex. Look for sealed seams and adjustable hoods and cuffs to keep water out effectively. A slightly roomy fit allows for layering underneath while still maintaining freedom of movement.
5. Functional Accessories: Don’t forget about accessories to protect your extremities from the rain. Opt for a waterproof hat or cap to shield your head and keep rain off your face. Use waterproof gloves or mittens that offer dexterity and grip while keeping your hands dry. Lastly, wear waterproof footwear or use waterproof shoe covers to keep your feet comfortable and protected.

Your Cool Weather Layering Gear Could Look Like This

Cold Weather Layering Example

When the temperature drops and frost blankets the ground, it’s time to bring out the power of cold-weather layering. By layering strategically, you can combat the chill, retain body heat, and stay cozy during your winter adventures. So, bundle up and let’s explore the essential layers for braving the cold.

1. Base Layer: Start with a moisture-wicking base layer that fits snugly against your skin. Look for thermal or heavyweight fabrics like merino wool or synthetic blends designed to trap warmth while efficiently pulling sweat away from your body. These materials will keep you dry and prevent the uncomfortable feeling of dampness caused by perspiration.
2. Insulating Layer: Add an insulating layer to provide extra warmth. Choose materials like fleece, down, or synthetic insulation that offer excellent heat retention. Fleece jackets, down vests, or synthetic-filled mid-layers work well. Ensure your insulating layer has a relaxed fit to allow for air circulation and trapping warm air close to your body. In most cases, you should probably get a fleece and a down jacket. 
3. Outer Layer: Shielding You from Winter Elements The outer layer is your shield against wind, snow, and freezing rain. Opt for a waterproof and windproof shell jacket made with durable fabrics like Gore-Tex or similar technologies. Look for sealed seams, adjustable hoods, and cuffs to prevent moisture from seeping in. A roomy fit in the outer layer allows you to comfortably accommodate your base and insulating layers without restricting movement.
4. Accessories: Protecting Your Extremities Don’t forget about your extremities! Keep your head warm with a beanie or a thermal hat that covers your ears. Invest in quality thermal gloves or mittens that offer insulation and dexterity. Consider layering glove liners underneath for extra warmth. Thick, moisture-wicking socks and waterproof boots are essential to keep your feet dry and protected from the cold ground.
5. Face and Neck Protection: Defending Against Frostbite In extremely cold conditions, protect your face and neck from the biting cold and wind. Use a balaclava, neck gaiter, or scarf to cover your nose, mouth, and neck area. Opt for materials that provide insulation while allowing breathability to prevent condensation and discomfort.

Your Cold Weather Layering Gear Could Look Like This

Disclaimer: Winter Layering and Clothing Preparation

It’s important to note that extreme winter layering and clothing preparation should be done in consultation with expert or knowledgeable professionals, especially when venturing into harsh and challenging environments. The specific clothing requirements can vary depending on the location, weather conditions, and individual factors. Seek advice from experienced mountaineers, outdoor guides, or specialists who can provide personalized recommendations based on your destination and the activities you plan to undertake.

They can offer invaluable insights into the appropriate clothing systems, insulation levels, specialized gear, and safety considerations needed for extreme cold weather. Proper layering and equipment selection are crucial for protecting yourself from extreme temperatures, frostbite, hypothermia, and other potential risks associated with severe winter conditions.

Remember, the information provided here is intended to offer general guidance and raise awareness about the concept of layering in cold weather. However, always consult experts and local authorities familiar with the specific environment you’ll be exploring to ensure your safety and well-being. Stay informed, plan meticulously, and enjoy your winter adventures responsibly.

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In this beginner’s guide to hiking, we’ll provide you with tips and advice on how to start your hiking journey, even if you’re a complete beginner. We’ll help you overcome any obstacles or fears you may have and provide you with the resources and tools you need to start enjoying the great outdoors.

Starting Small

The key to getting into hiking is to start small and build up gradually. Instead of trying to tackle a strenuous hike right away, start with a few easy day hikes at a local park near your home or in a nearby area just outside the city. This way, you can develop your footwork skills, get practice in planning and testing gear, and most importantly, build up your physical endurance.

When it comes to choosing a place to hike, it doesn’t really matter where you go. You can hike in your neighborhood, or you can find a nice park with a few trails that are close to your home. The key is to keep the barrier to going low, so that you’re more likely to go.

If you do not have parks nearby there are several easy ways to find a hiking trail that will meet your needs:

• Guidebooks and websites can provide you with comprehensive information such as trail difficulty, distance, elevation gain, directions, water sources, and trail features, as well as whether dogs are allowed on the trail. Additionally, recent trip reports on websites can give you an idea of current trail conditions.
• Word of mouth. Ask friends who enjoy hiking to recommend some hiking locations for you based on their personal experiences.
• Talk to locals. Contacting a local hiking organization or calling a ranger station in the area you plan to hike in can provide you with up-to-date trail conditions and recommendations for hikes suitable for all skill levels. Rangers are highly knowledgeable about hiking trails and can provide invaluable advice.

It’s important to keep in mind that hiking is not a race or a competition. The goal is to enjoy the experience, and not to push yourself to exhaustion. Take your time, rest when you need to, and enjoy the scenery around you. This is your adventure journey, and you can make it as challenging or as easy as you want.

Tips for choosing the right trail for you

Before you start your search for the perfect hike, it’s helpful to think through a few things, such as:

• Time available. Determine how much time you have for hiking, whether it’s just a few hours or a full day. Remember to factor in the time it takes to get to and from the trailhead.
• Fitness level. Honestly assess your fitness level and choose a trail that’s suitable for your abilities. There are hikes available for all levels of fitness, so don’t be discouraged if you’re not in peak physical condition. Even hiking to the store counts as a start if you are just starting out.
• Distance. Consider how many miles and hours you’re comfortable hiking.
• Time of year and weather. Some trails may be inaccessible during certain seasons or weather conditions, such as heavy snowfall. Plan accordingly, and always check the weather forecast before heading out so you can dress and pack appropriately.
• Logistics. Planning a hiking route that starts and finishes at the same spot is a smart choice. This way, you won’t need to worry about arranging transportation to get back to your car at the end of your hike.

Find a Hiking Partner

Hiking with a partner can make your experience safer, more enjoyable, and more memorable. Finding a hiking partner can be as simple as asking a friend or family member who enjoys hiking or joining a local hiking group. Many communities have hiking clubs or organizations that organize group hikes or events. You can also try using social media or online forums to connect with other hikers in your area. When hiking with a partner, it’s important to communicate openly about your expectations, abilities, and any potential risks. Having a reliable hiking partner can also provide added motivation and encouragement to push yourself to achieve your hiking goals.

Choosing the Right Gear

To prepare for hiking, it’s important to invest in the right gear. This doesn’t necessarily mean breaking the bank, but rather having the essentials like a sturdy pair of hiking boots or shoes, a reliable backpack, and enough water and snacks to keep you fueled during your trek. A good starting point is to ensure you have the 14-daypack hiking essentials, which includes items such as navigation tools, sun protection, insulation, illumination, first aid supplies, fire starters, repair tools, nutrition, hydration, and emergency shelter. For more information on essential gear for hiking, check out our article on the 14 Essentials.

Safety Tips

As with any outdoor activity, safety is a top priority when it comes to hiking. Here are some tips to keep in mind:

• Check the weather forecast before heading out on a hike, and be prepared for any changes in weather. Bring extra layers, rain gear, and sunscreen.
• Tell someone where you are going and when you plan to return. This can be a friend, family member, or park ranger.
• Stay on designated trails to avoid getting lost or injured.
• Be aware of your surroundings and any potential hazards, such as wildlife, unstable terrain, or poisonous plants.
• Carry a map, compass, and/or GPS device to help navigate your hike.

Trail Etiquette

Trail etiquette is important to ensure a safe and enjoyable hiking experience. Remember to yield to hikers going uphill, stay on designated trails, and pack out any trash or waste. Greet other hikers and step to the side to allow them to pass. If hiking with a group, walk single file to allow space for others. Respect any wildlife and keep a safe distance from them. By following these simple guidelines, hikers can ensure a fun and safe time on the trail.

Going to the bathroom

Going to the bathroom on the trail is a natural part of hiking, but it’s important to do it in a way that respects the environment and other hikers. If possible, use designated restrooms or pit toilets along the trail. If there are no restrooms available, it’s important to properly dispose of human waste by digging a small hole at least 200 feet away from any water source, trails, or campsites. After use, cover the hole and pack out any toilet paper or hygiene products. For urination, it’s best to do so away from trails and water sources, and to also pack out any toilet paper or hygiene products.

Conclusion

Hiking is a wonderful way to explore nature, challenge yourself physically, and enjoy the outdoors. With a few basic tips and the right gear, anyone can start their hiking journey, no matter their fitness level or experience. Start small, choose the right gear, build up your endurance, and always prioritize safety. Don’t be afraid to explore and enjoy the beauty of nature around you. Happy hiking!

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Hiking can also be great for your personal well-being, providing both physical and mental benefits. Moving your body outdoors and clearing your mind with the fresh air can do wonders for your own health.

Hiking for beginners can be a little daunting, with many people believing that you need to have a lot of specific gear, knowledge and skills. However, almost everyone can head out on a hike, with some preparation and essential tips. If you’ve always wanted to get into hiking, then this guide to hiking for beginners will cover everything that you need to know. So, what are we waiting for? Let’s get into the top 8 tips now!

1. Leave No Trace Principles

One of the first things to know for all hikers is the Leave No Trace principles. At a basic level, these mean that you should have a minimum impact on the environment while you’re outdoors, including carrying all your rubbish out with you. It’s widely accepted that there are seven principles of Leave No Trace, which should be followed by all hikers, from beginners through to advanced. 

The Leave No Trace principles include:

1.     Plan ahead and prepare
2.     Travel and camp on durable surfaces
3.     Dispose of waste properly
4.     Minimize campfire impacts
5.     Respect wildlife
6.     Be considerate of other visitors
7.     Leave the place the way you found it or better

2. Hiking types

One of the most basic tips for hiking is to understand what type of hike you’re planning to go on. There’s a range of different hiking types with a variety of terms that people use to describe hikes. Understanding this before you’re about to head out, will help you plan and pack accordingly. 

For most beginners, day hiking is the best way to get started as it requires only basic hiking essentials and limited skills and knowledge. It’s best to get a few day hikes under your belt before you start to venture into multi-day or overnight hiking. The best way to do it is by going on a few mile hikes around your home or in nearby parks. This will build up stamina and get you used to walking longer distances before heading out for the more difficult hiking trips!

The most common hiking types include:

Day hiking

A day hike is as suggested and is always started and finished within the same day. The difficulty and trail length of day hikes can vary, but the benefit of day hiking is that you only need limited essential gear. Day hikes can also be loop trails or out and back options, which are described further below.

Multi-day hiking or overnight hiking

Multi-day hiking is a hike that takes multiple days to complete. They usually require camping out with more gear and technical knowledge needed. They are best reserved for hikers who have plenty of day hiking experience.

Trekking

Trekking is similar to multi-day hiking but is usually used to refer to longer and tougher trails that might require a team or extensive planning. It’s best for more experienced hikers, who have also done a couple of overnight hikes before.

Thru-hiking

Thru-hiking is a popular American term used to describe a very long trail that takes weeks or even months to complete. They are also usually one-way trails, such as the Appalachian Trail or Pacific Crest Trail. These kinds of trails can also be done in shorter sections, which is often referred to as section hiking.

Backpacking

While in some countries backpacking is often used to refer to young people who travel around the world with a backpack, some also use the word to describe overnight hiking that requires camping and carrying a lot of gear on your back.

Loop or circuit

One of the most common types of trails are loop or circuit trails. This means that they simply start and finish in the same place, forming a loop. 

One way hike

The other option for trails is usually one-way hiking or return hikes. This simply means that the trail goes from point A to point B, either finishing at point B or requiring you to return the same way that you came.

Scrambling

Some hikes consist of scrambling which includes some basic and non-technical climbing over rocks and boulders. It can be difficult for beginners and requires good balance and experience.

Mountaineering

Known as the most technical form of hiking, mountaineering requires very specific skills and gear that is not ideal for beginners. Usually, mountaineers have had many years of building knowledge and equipment to summit high mountains. If you’re interested in mountaineering there are basic beginner courses to help you get started. But won’t be covered here.

3. Hiking gear for beginners

Depending on what kind of hike you plan on heading out on, there’s some basic beginner hiking gear that you should be aware of. For day hikes, you really only need to worry about the essentials for comfort and safety. 

These essentials include:

• Day pack: A day pack is one of the most essential items as you’ll need this to carry all of your gear with you while you’re out on the trail. It’s best to have a supportive and comfortable day pack that fits your body well and is big enough for the gear you need. You can read more here: what is a daypack and how to choose the correct one.
• First aid kit: As a safety essential, a first aid kit is one thing that you should carry with you on all hikes. A basic first aid kit can either be put together yourself or purchased as a package, but it should always contain basic items like plasters, bandages, antiseptic cream, pain relief medication and alcohol wipes. You should be able to treat everything from blisters to more serious wounds.
• Water bottle and filter: Hydration is an important consideration for hiking, as you need to ensure that you can replace the fluids that you lose through sweat. Carrying sufficient water for your hike requires at least one water bottle or hydration reservoir, depending on what you prefer. If you think you’ll need to refill your water bottle on the trail, it’s also important to carry a filter with you or sterilisation tablets.
• Food: You also need to pack enough energy to get you through a day hike. For beginners, it can be difficult to know how much food to carry, but you will soon learn how to calculate the quantity and work out what kinds of food works best for you. There’s more about this below.
• Sunscreen and sun protection: No matter what time of year, hiking for hours outdoors means that you may be exposed to the harmful sun rays. You should always carry some sun protection including sunscreen, lip balm, a hat, sunglasses and long-sleeved shirt.
• Navigation tools: There are a range of navigation tools available and depending on your skills, you should take at least a couple of different types with you. Most hikers now have GPS devices or a GPS app on their phone with trail information. However, it’s also a good idea to carry a paper map and compass as well, because technology can sometimes fail at unexpected times. There’s more about this below.
• Emergency essentials: For your own safety, there are a few emergency essentials that you should pack into your daypack for a day hike. An emergency blanket or shelter, headlamp, waterproof matches or fire starter and multi-tool are the main hiking essentials that you should carry with you so that you can survive if there’s an emergency.

For a more detailed list, you can read more here: 14 daypack hiking essentials list.

Winter hiking gear 

Winter hiking is more complicated, as you also need to consider serious weather conditions including snow and bitter cold temperatures. It’s best to have a bit more experience with day hiking in summer before you attempt hiking in winter. There are a lot more items to add to your hiking gear list as well, including thermal clothing, gloves, a beanie, outer layers and jackets, as well as, crampons and snowshoes if needed. You can read more about winter hiking gear here: ultimate winter hiking gear list.

4. Hiking clothing

On top of your hiking gear, knowing what to wear hiking can be a very daunting task. While there’s plenty of hiking clothing available to purchase, it’s best to understand some basics before heading out to buy some new gear.

Winter vs. summer hiking

It’s a good idea to check the weather report before you head out for your hike. This way you’ll know what kind of temperatures and conditions to expect so you can dress accordingly. You should always prepare for the worst conditions, as the weather can change quickly, especially in mountainous and alpine areas. 

What you decide to wear hiking in summer, will obviously be very different to what you should wear in winter. Winter requires more thorough preparation with additional clothing required for warmth and comfort. In short you will have to spend a considerate amount of budget to get all new gear for winter. Starting with socks and finishing with a winter jacket.

Layering system

Most experienced hikers agree that wearing layers is the best way to get dressed for hiking. This way you can peel off layers as you warm up and add them again when you stop or cool down. The layering system works like this:

Base layer: The bottom layer is supposed to sit next to your skin and wick moisture and sweat away. They can be t-shirts or long-sleeved options depending on the season and are ideally best made from merino wool which is a natural, moisture-wicking fabric. However, never wear cotton. It gets wet and heavy quickly and takes ages to dry. 

Mid-layer: The middle layer should be looser fitting and sits over the top of your base layer when the weather is cooler. It’s supposed to be insulating and allow air to move through, but at the same time add warmth such as a fleece jacket.

Outer layer: The outer shell is most important for winter hiking and windy and stormy summer seasons, as this layer is usually weather-resistant and worn to block wind and water. Mostly rain jackets or Gore-Tex shells are used as outer layers.

Hiking shoes

Hiking shoes can be a contentious topic amongst hikers. There are plenty of different options including trail runners, hiking boots, hiking shoes and sneakers and everyone has their own preference. While it can be difficult to determine what type of shoes are best for hiking, it’s worth investing a bit of money into purchasing high-quality shoes. They are one of the most important pieces of gear, as they help you walk comfortably without blisters as well as keep you supported on the hiking trail.

However, it’s also common for hikers to have multiple pairs of hiking shoes to suit different trail conditions. If the trail is going to be rough or you’re expecting tough conditions like rain or mud, then it’s best to wear hiking boots that are made from Gore-tex or similar fabric and have ankle support. Otherwise, if you’re going on a dry hike with just a touch of rain, trail runners will often be sufficient and lighter. For beginners, it’s best to head into a store to try shoes on before purchasing as there are many different brands and styles to suit different feet.

5. Food

Hiking can be an energy-intensive activity depending on the trail. An average-sized person burns around 370 calories per hour while hiking, depending on the conditions of the trail and the person. This means that you will need to replace some of this energy as you go to ensure that you avoid fatigue. It’s best to carry as much as you need plus extra supply in case the hike is longer than planned.

An important tip for hiking for beginners is to think about energy-dense foods to cut down on pack weight. Good quick energy food for hiking includes muesli bars, trail mix, nuts, jerky, dried fruits, chocolate bars and energy bars.

You may also want to consider an easy-to-pack lunch for day hikes. Sandwiches are one of the easiest options, or you can try wraps or biscuits with dense fillings. However, if you are planning a longer time of hike you might consider getting a primus and cooking some food on the hike.

6. Fitness and mental conditioning

It’s best as a hiking beginner to start out small and choose trails that are suited to your own fitness level. Starting out with something rated easy or a short hike is a good idea to assess how you feel on your feet over many miles. Day hikes can be anywhere from a few miles up to 30, so it’s ideal if you can start low and build up to something longer.

There are a couple of things to consider when thinking about your hiking fitness. The first is how long you can spend on your feet. Walking between three and five hours is considered a standard day hike and for anyone who has never spent that long on their feet, this can be challenging. The more you walk and build up distances the better you will feel on longer hikes. The second thing to consider is your lung capacity. You will notice this mostly on trails that have a decent elevation gain. The more cardio activity and the more hills you hike, the more you will build this up and be able to breathe easier as you walk. Like any physical activity, fitness and endurance is something that takes time.

Hiking can also be a challenging mental battle at times. Anyone who hikes for long distances will get tired, wet, cold, hurt or miserable at some point and this requires some tough mental conditioning to push through. While building up your mental toughness can be difficult, the more hiking experience that you have the better you will be at dealing with these emotions and tough situations. As a beginner, this is another reason why starting small is a good idea, as you will gain more experience over time.

7. Planning

Planning is one of the most important parts of hiking, as this is when you must decide on trail type, distance, location, season and other logistics. While many of the above tips, including food, gear, and fitness, are all a major part of preparing, planning your day out as much as possible can save you from a lot of unexpected encounters. 

Beginners should only do something that is within their comfort zone, which means picking a trail and distance that you know you will be able to comfortably complete. It can be difficult to know how long a hike will take, especially if you’re unsure how much distance you can cover. However, most hikers average around 3km per hour, which includes a short break. You should try to allow enough time to get back to the trailhead well before sunset, with some extra daylight hours up your sleeve in case the hike takes longer than planned.

It’s also important to know as much information about the trail and hike as possible. You should try to read about the type of terrain, weather, elevation and distance that you plan on covering. This way you’ll be more prepared for what you’ll likely face, and you can pack clothing and gear accordingly.

A good last-minute checklist before you head out should include:

•     Check the weather forecast for the most likely conditions.
•     Verify recent trail conditions such as snow or track closures, which can usually be found on national park websites.
•     Leave a copy of your itinerary with a friend or family member and tell them what your plans are before leaving.
•     Double-check your gear and make sure that you have everything that you need.

8. Navigation

Finding your way on a trail can be one of the most daunting parts of hiking for beginners. While some trails are well-worn with good signage, others may not be so easy to follow. You should always carry more than one navigation tool with you, to make sure that you don’t get lost in case the trail is not as obvious. 

GPS devices and cell phone apps

Many state park and national park websites will have basic maps and information on trails. However, these are usually not overly detailed and usually require you to have another GPS system. There are dedicated GPS devices from brands like Garmin, which are very useful for hiking. However, most beginners tend to start off with simply using their mobile phone with a hiking or map app. 

While there are a few apps available, AllTrails is one of the most commonly used and has plenty of information and reviews about all different hikes. 

Paper maps and compass

On top of using your mobile, you should always carry a map and compass as a backup navigation system. There’s always a chance that technology will fail or you may run out of battery. This means that you need to know how to actually read a topographic map and use a compass, which are both skills that are necessary for any remote or backcountry hikes.

You can check out some online resources, such as REI’s beginner’s guides for how to read a topo map and how to use a compass. Otherwise, if you plan on getting into hiking seriously, then you can also take in-person courses over a couple of days where you can learn from instructors. 

9. Bonus section: extra tips

How to find friends to go hiking with

If hiking is completely new to you, you may not always have friends to go hiking with. However, as a beginner hiker, it’s a nice idea to head out on a trail with someone so that you can gain some experience without having to be alone. Some of the best ways to meet new hikers include: 

•     Local meetups and walking groups in your town or area
•     Hiking groups on Facebook 
•     Join a guided hike with an outdoor company

Hiking with dogs

Going for a hike with your four-legged friend can be a great bonding exercise as well as motivation to get you outdoors. While some national park trails restrict access to dogs, you will usually find plenty of dog-friendly trails in and around where you live. You should be aware that some parks have rules for pets, including keeping them on a leash at all times and cleaning up after them. This is all part of the Leave No Trace principles mentioned above.

Hiking etiquette

While there are no official rules for hiking, there is some common etiquette that is observed by most hikers. 

Proper trail etiquette usually means giving uphill hikers the right of way. This means that if you’re coming downhill on a skinny trail, you should stop and allow uphill hikers to pass. This acknowledges that uphill hikers are working harder and require a bit more momentum to keep going. 

Another aspect of trail etiquette is when you’re sharing the path with bikers or horse riders. You should be aware of both if you’re using a shared trail, as it can be quite dangerous if a collision occurs. Technically, it’s safer if hikers allow horse riders to pass, as horses can be spooked easily. On the other hand, cyclists are meant to be aware of hikers on trails, although their high speeds can often make this difficult. Try to stay to one side of the trail if you see bikers coming and allow them to pass by safely.

Conclusion

If you’re planning your first hike, I hope these tips help you ensure that you’re well prepared and ready to hit the trail safely. Hiking is one of the most rewarding activities and it can be enjoyed by almost anyone who is willing to give it a try

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